Parental views on consent for 20 neonatal interventions (n=8)
| Intervention | Implied consent | Explicit verbal consent | Explicit written consent |
| Peripheral intravenous cannulation | 6 | 2 | 0 |
| Peripheral arterial line insertion | 3 | 5 | 0 |
| Lumbar puncture | 2 | 5 | 1 |
| Endotracheal intubation | 5 | 3 | 0 |
| Central venous catheter insertion (long line) | 2 | 6 | 0 |
| Umbilical catheter insertion | 4 | 3 | 1 |
| Scalp vein insertion (cannula or long line) | 2 | 5 | 1 |
| Surfactant administration | 6 | 1 | 1 |
| Intercostal drain insertion | 5 | 3 | 0 |
| Suprapubic aspiration of urine | 2 | 5 | 1 |
| Use of nitric oxide | 4 | 4 | 0 |
| Blood transfusion | 2 | 5 | 1 |
| Dilutional exchange transfusion | 3 | 2 | 3 |
| Double volume exchange transfusion | 2 | 3 | 3 |
| Pharmacological closure of a patent ductus arteriosus | 3 | 4 | 1 |
| Use of postnatal steroids to facilitate extubation from ventilator in preterm infants | 5 | 3 | 0 |
| Urine toxicology to screen for drugs of abuse | 7 | 1 | 0 |
| DNA CGH array or other specific genetic testing | 3 | 4 | 1 |
| Therapeutic hypothermia | 5 | 1 | 2 |
| Ventricular tap (for posthaemorrhagic hydrocephalus) | 3 | 4 | 1 |