Sr. No. | Author | Training |
No. of births A: control/pre B: intervention/post | Outcomes |
Criteria for delivery outcomes A: inclusion B: exclusion | |||||
Duration | Training setting | Type | Trainers | Trainees | Assessment | |||||
1 | Bang et al 20 | NR | Community (86 villages) | A package of home-based neonatal care, health education including
| NR |
| NR | A: 1159 B: 1005 | 1. SB 2. NMR: day 7 3. Perinatal mortality | A: NR B: NR |
2 | Ariawan et al* 8 | NR | Community | NRT including
| NR | Midwives | NR | A: 9816 B: 16 053 | 1. SB 2. NMR: day 28 | A: NR B: NR |
3 | Carlo et al 17** | 3 days | Rural communities (7 sites in 6 countries for ENC; 88 for NRP) | ENC sensitisation followed by in-depth NRT including
|
| Community birth attendants | NR | A: 359 B: 273 | 1. SB 2. FSB 3. NMR: day 7 4. PNMR | A: BW <1500 g B: NR |
4 | Carlo et al 18 | 3 days | Rural communities (7 sites in six countries for ENC; 88 for NRP) | ENC sensitisation followed by in-depth NRT including
|
| Community birth attendants | NR | A: 35 017 B: 29 715 | 1. SB 2. FSB 3. NMR: day 1 4. NMR: day 7 5. PNMR | A: BW >1500 g B: NR |
5 | Gill et al 21 | 2 weeks | Community (rural district setting) | NRT modified from AAP/AHA including
| NR | 60 Community birth attendants/TBAs | One to one skills assessment | A: 1536 B: 1961 | 1. SB 2. NMR: day 7 3. NMR: day 28 4. PNMR | A: NR B: NR |
6 | Zhu et al 26 | NR | Hospital (1 hospital) | NRPG curriculum established from AAP and AHA including
| NR | Hospital birth attendants | NR | A: 1722 B: 4751 | 1. NMR: day 1 2. NMR: day 7 | A: NR B: NR |
7 | Deorari et al 24 | NR | Hospital (14 teaching hospitals) | AAP/AHA-modified NRT with
| 2 Faculty member trainer per facility | Hospital-based birth attendants | No skills assessment | A: 7070 B: 25 713 | 1. NMR: day 28 | A: NR B: NR |
8 | Jeffery et al 28 | 9 weeks | Hospital (3 tertiary care, 13 district hospitals) | A package of perinatal practices with NRT | Australian-trained Macedonian teachers (doctors and nurses) | Doctors and nurses | MCQ, SAQ and OSCE (practical test) | A: 69 840 B: 45 458 | 1. SB 2. NMR: day 7 3. PNMR | A: NR B: NR |
9 | Vakrilova et al 30 | NR | Hospital (delivery rooms of city hospitals) | French–Bulgarian Program on NRT | NR |
| NR | A: 67 948 B: 67 647 | 1. NMR: day 7 | A: NR B: NR |
10 | O’Hare et al 25 | 10 days training (5 days classroom+5 days delivery suite) | Hospital (1 teaching hospital) | NRT including
| NR | 5 members of nursing staff | NR | A: 1296 B: 1046 | 1. SB | A: NR B: NR |
11 | Opiyo et al 19 | 1 day | Hospital (1 maternity hospital) | NRT including
| Instructor completed Kenya Resuscitation Council Advanced Life Support Generic Instructor Course | Nurse/midwives | MCQ and formal test scenario evaluating skills | A: 4084 B: 4302 | 1. SB 2. NMR: day 28 | A: NR B: NR |
12 | Boo31 | NR | Hospital | AAP-NRT tailored to local needs including
|
| 14 575
| Written and practical test | A: 541 721 B: 465 140 | 1. SB 2. NMR: day 28 3. PNMR | A: NR B: NR |
13 | Sorensen et al 29 | 2 days | Hospital (1 referral hospital) | ALSO a widespread EmONC
| NR | High-level and mid-level staff involved in delivery | NR | A: 577 B: 565 | 1. SB | A: BW >1000 g B: Missing data |
14 | Hole et al 32 | 1 day | Hospital (1 university hospital and 1 referral hospital) | AAP modified NRT to include
| Paediatrics residents from Stanford University |
| Survey covering knowledge, skills and attitude | A: 3449 B: 3515 | 1. NMR: day 28 | A: NR B: NR |
15 | Msemo et al 22 | 1 day | Hospital (3 referral hospitals, 4 regional hospitals and 1 district hospital) | HBB training including
| 40 Trainers | Hospital birth attendants | Practical test | A: 8124 B: 78 500 | 1. SB 2. FSB 3. NMR: day 1 | A: BW >750 g for live birth BW >1000 g for FSB |
16 | Goudar et al 23 | 1 day | Hospital (primary health centres and rural and urban hospitals) | HBB–AAP-based NRT
|
| 599 Birth attendants | Written and verbal MCQ, BMV by demonstration—OSCE | A: 4187 B: 5411 | 1. SB 2. FSB 3. NMR: day 28 | A: GA >28 wks B: NR |
17 | Vossius et al 77 | 1 day | Hospital (1 tertiary hospital) | HBB–AAP-based NRT including
| 40 Master trainers | Hospital-based birth attendants | Knowledge and technical skills | A: 4876 B: 4734 | 1. FSB 2. NMR: day 7 | A: NR B: NR |
18 | Ashish et al*** | 2 days | Hospital (1 tertiary hospital) | HBB–AAP-based NRT with QIC; train the trainer model, paired teaching
| NR |
| NR | A: 9588 B: 15 520 | 1. SB 2. FSB 3. NMR: day 1 4. PNMR | A: GA >22 wks B: NR |
19 | Bellad et al 27 | 3 days | Hospital (39 primary, 21 secondary and 11 tertiary facilities) | HBB–AAP-based NRT including
|
| Hospital-based birth attendants
| MCQ, OSCE for skills assessment | A: 15 232 B: 15 985 | 1. FSB 2. NMR: day 1 3. NMR: day 7 4. NMR: day 28 5. PNMR | A: BW >1500 g B: BW unknown,<1500, >5500 and MSB |
20 | Patel et al*** | 3 days | Hospital (2 primary, 4 secondary HTML validation and 7 tertiary facilities) | HBB–AAP-based NRT including
|
| eHospital-based birth attendants
| MCQ, OSCE for skills assessment | A: 38 078 B: 40 870 | 1. SB 2. FSB 3. NMR: day 1 4. NMR: day 7 6. PNMR | A: GA >20 wks B: NR |
*Data for this study has been taken from Lee et al 8.
**Data for very low-birth weight (<1500 g).
***Unpublished data obtained via personal communication with the author
AAP, American Academy of Pediatrics; AHA, American Heart Association; ALSO, Advanced Life Support in Obstetrics; BMV, bag and mask ventilation; BW, birth weight; CC, chest compression; EmONC, Emergency Obstetrics & Neonatal Care; ENC, essential newborn care; ET, endotracheal tube; FBOS, frequent brief onsite simulation; FSB, fresh stillbirth; GA, gestational age, HBB, helping babies breathe; MCQ, multiple choice questions; NICHD, National Institute of Child and Human Development; NMR, neonatal mortality rate; NORAD, Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation; NR, not reported; NRPG, Neonatal Resuscitation Program Guidelines; NRT, neonatal resuscitation training; OSCE, objective structured clinical evaluation; PNMR, perinatal mortality rate; PPV, positive pressure ventilation; QI, quality improvement; QIC, quality improvement cycle; RCT, randomised control trial; SAQ, short answer questions; SB, all stillbirth; TBA, traditional birth attendants; ToT, training of trainer; wks, weeks.