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Inflammation-associated S100 proteins: new mechanisms that regulate function

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Abstract

This review focuses on new aspects of extracellular roles of the calgranulins. S100A8, S100A9 and S100A12 are constitutively expressed in neutrophils and induced in several cell types. The S100A8 and S100A9 genes are regulated by pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators and their functions may depend on cell type, mediators within a particular inflammatory milieu, receptors involved in their recognition and their post-translational modification. The S100A8 gene induction in macrophages is dependent on IL-10 and potentiated by immunosuppressive agents. S100A8 and S100A9 are oxidized by peroxide, hypochlorite and nitric oxide (NO). HOCl generates intra-chain sulfinamide bonds; stronger oxidation promotes cross-linked forms that are seen in human atheroma. S100A8 is >200-fold more sensitive to oxidative cross-linking than low-density lipoprotein and may reduce oxidative damage. S100A8 and S100A9 can be S-nitrosylated. S100A8–SNO suppresses mast cell activation and inflammation in the microcirculation and may act as an NO transporter to regulate vessel tone in inflammatory lesions. S100A12 activates mast cells and is a monocyte and mast cell chemoattractant; a G-protein-coupled mechanism may be involved. Structure–function studies are discussed in relation to conservation and divergence of functions in S100A8. S100A12 induces cytokines in mast cells, but not monocytes/macrophages. It forms complexes with Zn2+ and, by chelating Zn2+, S100A12 significantly inhibits MMPs. Zn2+ in S100A12 complexes co-localize with MMP-9 in foam cells in atheroma. In summary, S100A12 has pro-inflammatory properties that are likely to be stable in an oxidative environment, because it lacks Cys and Met residues. Conversely, S100A8 and S100A9 oxidation and S-nitrosylation may have important protective mechanisms in inflammation.

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Abbreviations

RA:

Rheumatoid arthritis

IBD:

Inflammatory bowel disease

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

NO:

Nitric oxide

TLR:

Toll-like receptor

mS100A8:

Murine S100A8

mS100A9:

Murine S100A9

TNFα:

Tumor necrosis factor α

TGFβ:

Transforming growth factor β

IFN:

Interferon

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharide

IL:

Interleukin

COX-2:

Cyclo-oxygenase 2

cAMP:

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate

MAP kinase:

Mitogen-activated protein kinase

EC:

Endothelial cells

FGF:

Fibroblast growth factor

GC:

Glucocorticoids

DEX:

Dexamethasone

PPAR-γ:

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ

RAGE:

Receptor for advanced glycation end products

NFκB:

Nuclear factor κB

EN-RAGE:

Extracellular newly identified RAGE-binding protein

AGE:

Advanced glycation end products

MCP-1:

Monocyte chemotactic protein 1

NIF:

Neutrophil immobilizing factor

NADPH:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

NMR:

Nuclear magnetic resonance

MPO:

Myeloperoxidase

MMP:

Matrix metalloproteinase

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Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia for funding and members of the laboratory who contributed to the research discussed in this review, particularly Dr. Kenneth Hsu, Ms. Su Yin Lim, Dr. Zheng Yang, Dr. Weixing Yan and Dr. Mark Raftery and our long-term collaborator, Professor Paul Alewood.

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  1. Centre for Infection and Inflammation Research, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia

    Jesse Goyette & Carolyn L. Geczy

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  1. Jesse Goyette
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  2. Carolyn L. Geczy
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Correspondence to Carolyn L. Geczy.

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Goyette, J., Geczy, C.L. Inflammation-associated S100 proteins: new mechanisms that regulate function. Amino Acids 41, 821–842 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-010-0528-0

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