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Abstract
Objective To evaluate the impact of a 10-week lockdown on children with asthma aged 4–17 years in terms of presentations to the emergency department (ED), frequency of admissions, compliance with medications and changes in pulmonary function testing results.
Design and setting A questionnaire-based cross-sectional study using Google Forms to collect parents’ and caregivers’ responses after they consented to participation.
Results A total of 374 parents/caregivers were contacted and 297 (79%) responded. The majority of the children were male (188 or 63%) and 49.8% were aged 7–12 years. More than half of the participants (194 or 65%) reported improved compliance with medications and spacer use. There was a significant reduction in the number of presentations to the ED from 137 to 80 and admissions to hospital from 56 to 24 during the 10-week lockdown period compared with the same time period in the previous year (p≤0.0001). Around 25% of the participants used telemedicine by phone and social media applications for communication with their treating physician and 59 (80%) described it as easy and smooth.
Conclusion The national lockdown in Jordan due to the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with a fall in emergency presentations and hospital admissions for acute asthma exacerbations. Parental responses indicate that fears focused around COVID-19 were associated with enhanced compliance with use preventer medications during the lockdown.
- COVID-19
- adolescent health
- virology
Data availability statement
Data are available upon reasonable request. This study is questionnaire-based and all data are available through the first author.
This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.
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What is known about the subject?
The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted every part of our life.
Governments imposed lockdowns to reduce the SARS-CoV-2 transmission rate, which affected the care delivery to the patients.
What this study adds?
The national COVID-19 lockdown caused a significant drop in paediatric presentations to the emergency department and the hospitalisation rate.
Adherence to asthma therapy appeared to increase during the pandemic.
Telemedicine is not well established in Jordan. However, it was described by parents as smooth and easy.
Background
COVID-19 is a pandemic infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. On 30 January 2020, the WHO announced that the COVID-19 outbreak was a public health emergency of international concern.1 Chronically diseased patients are particularly vulnerable to severe complications of this disease and so need special attention to help prevent increased morbidity and mortality.2 Asthma is a common chronic disease, and patients may experience decreased access to healthcare due to restrictions on public movements, lockdowns and diversion of healthcare resources to the care of patients affected by COVID-19.3 Patients with asthma are hypothesised to have high susceptibility to, and increased severity of, SARS-CoV-2 infection due to their impaired immune response and the likelihood of respiratory exacerbation when infected by respiratory viruses, but little evidence has supported this theoretical risk.4 With insufficient data to say that asthma protects from or increases the risk or severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and lack of evidence to support strong recommendations for or against specific asthma management, physicians have been advised to resume treating patients with asthma according to existing guidelines and recommendations.5
Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, studies have addressed the effects of the pandemic and imposed public health measures on multiple aspects of asthma care, including patients’ adherence and compliance to their drugs, and obstacles to accessing usual healthcare including limited drug supplies. Since the beginning of the pandemic, increased hospital usage of drugs such as salbutamol and other airway stabilisers to control COVID-19 symptoms has reduced their availability to patients with asthma in the community.6 In addition, hospital services were reduced, including reduced numbers of in-person visits, reduced routine admissions and reduced clinic appointments with attempts to overcome these problems focused on improving virtual care resources.7 Using telemedicine as a substitute has been linked to improvements in patient’s quality of life and symptom control.8
A rise in the number of COVID-19 cases in Jordan in mid-March 2020 was linked to a wedding in the north of Jordan.9 To support the health system’s requirements, Jordan enforced strict public health infection control measures for 10 weeks from 17 March to 24 May 2020. The measures included social distancing, banning all national and international travel and enacting the Defence Law. The Jordanian government ordered a national curfew and started to isolate administrative governorates from each other.10 People were prohibited from using their vehicles, and public transportation was stopped. All hospitals began to receive acute medical cases only and halted outpatient services, elective surgical procedures and non-urgent hospital admissions. In cases of medical emergency, people were instructed to contact the national emergency services and arrange ambulance transport to a medical centre.10
During the 10-week lockdown, face-to-face services lost to patients with asthma included six paediatric respiratory clinics run by two full-time physicians through the week, a comprehensive asthma education service and provision of spacers at the first clinic presentation with scheduled follow-up visits. The Jordan University Hospital (JUH) established a healthcare platform on its website and to help patients access their prescriptions, medical students and interns volunteered to deliver medications to patients. The media and internet were used to announce these measures and to guide caregivers on how to use the website. Asthma services were provided using WhatsApp and phone calls.
This study reports the results of a survey evaluating the effects of the lockdown on paediatric patients with asthma. Outcomes included the number of hospitalisations and presentations to the emergency department (ED), adherence to therapy and medication availability. It also describes the caregiver’s perceptions of telemedicine and social media use as tools to communicate with healthcare services during the curfew period.
Methods
Study design
This is a questionnaire-based cross-sectional study conducted from 5 to 12 September 2020. The targeted sample was patients with asthma aged 4–17 years, most of whom were referred to the paediatric respiratory unit at JUH for disease management. Children were eligible if they had physician-diagnosed asthma. Three hundred and seventy-four parents/caregivers were contacted over the phone by four independent researchers to assess COVID-19 occurrence and gather information about their children ‘s asthma control. Of the 374 parents/caregivers, 297 agreed to participate. Participants consenting to participate were asked to fill an online questionnaire prepared using Google Forms sent via the WhatsApp application.
Questionnaire
The questionnaire in online supplemental Appendix 1 consisted of 45 questions, and it took the parents approximately 7–10 min to complete. It assessed the effect of quarantine on patients with asthma and how stable their condition was during the lockdown as assessed by presentations to the ED and hospitalisations. In addition, we evaluated the perception of and accessibility to telemedicine services among the participants.
Supplemental material
Study information was provided by sending a paragraph to the WhatsApp application, stating the study’s aims, the optional nature of participation and parameters around use of the information provided including confidentiality, and its use for research purposes. Consent was confirmed when the participant replied back with a ‘yes’ and filled the questionnaire.
The questionnaire was written in easily understood Arabic language and included four major categories. The first category contained general questions about the patient’s demographics, age at diagnosis, history of allergy and family history of atopies such as allergic rhinitis and hay fever. Allergic rhinitis was defined as recurrent rhinitis that is non-infectious and/or watery discharge with or without eye itching on allergen exposure or at pollen season. Hay fever was defined as recurrent non-infectious itching and watery eye discharge on aeroallergen exposure at pollen seasons. The second category comprised a group of questions to evaluate asthma management; controller inhalers used, use of spacers, adherence to therapy, which was defined as using controller inhaler ≥5 days a week, and asthma control in terms of the number of hospitalisation and presentations to the ED during the lockdown period, as well as availability of and access to asthma medications. In addition, our four independent researchers reviewed the electronic medical records to check the number of presentations to the ED and hospitalisations during the 10-week period of lock down and the same period in the year before. We specifically asked if patients were infected with COVID-19. The third category assessed the parents/caregivers’ perception of and attitude towards telemedicine. The fourth category evaluated participant’s concerns and fears regarding COVID-19 and their sources of information about COVID-19.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analyses were performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software V.25. In order for the readers to get a sense of precision around the point estimates, the point estimates were reported along with 95% CI. Categorical data were represented as frequency (percentage (95% CI)).
Comparison between ED visits and hospitalisation of children with asthma during the COVID-19 lockdown due to asthma exacerbations, and the same period from the year before were assessed by χ2 or Fisher exact test as appropriate. A p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Patient and public involvement
Patients and public members were not involved in the design or conduct of the study.
Results
Patient’s characteristics and demographics
A total of 297 parents/caregivers participated, giving a response rate of 79%. The majority of children (188 of 63%) were male. Three age groups were defined: 4–6, 7–12 and 13–17 years with 50% aged 7–12 years. The majority, 104 (35%), were diagnosed with asthma between the ages of 6 and 12 years. Concomitant symptoms of atopy included allergic rhinitis (147 (50%)), hay fever (130 (44%)) and eczema (54 (18%)). Among affected family members, 53 (18%) had asthma and 36 (12%) had hay fever; 192 (65%) reported affected siblings; and 25% of family members had multiple allergies (table 1).
Demographics and characteristics of participants
Asthma therapy
The majority (241 or 81%) of the cohort reported regular use (at least three times per week) of at least a single asthma controller. Almost half, 126 (52%) of the patients use fluticasone metered dose inhaler (MDI), while 39 (16%) use eclomethasone MDI and 65 (27%) used the combined fluticasone/salmeterol (Seretide) Diskus. Only 11 (5%) of the patients were prescribed nebulised budesonide. Among 230 patients who used inhalers, 195 (66%) reported using a spacer. Daily use of medications with the spacer was reported by 117 (60%), while 29 (15%) reported use of their preventer at least 4 days a week. Less than half of the participants (102 (34%)) admitted no compliance, with reasons including fear of being dependent on inhalers (42 or 41%), fear of side effects (40 or 39%) and forgetfulness (20 or 20%).
Effect of COVID-19 pandemic on adherence and asthma control
Among respondents, 181 (61% (95% CI 55.1% to 66.5%)) reported improved compliance with medications during the lockdown, with the majority of respondents (194 or 65% (95% CI 59.6% to 70.7%)) reporting ongoing use of preventers at prescribed doses. More than 75% (227 or 76% (95% CI 71.2% to 81.1%)) of the children used their bronchodilator <2 days/week. Only 23 (8%) of the patients required a reliever inhaler ≥5 days/week (table 2). Around one-third (103 or 35%) of the parents/caregivers reported reduced controller dosing during the lockdown. The majority (81 or 79%) indicated this was due to their children’s asthma stability. However, 22% rationed the dose of inhalers because of fear of drug shortages. A small number mentioned their inability to reach the hospital.
Adherence to therapy and spacer use during lockdown
Presentations to the ED were reduced: 80 (27% (95% CI 22% to 32.4%)) had a presentation during the 2020 lockdown compared with 137 (46% (95% CI 40.4% to 52.0%)) during the same time period in 2019 (p≤0.0001). Multiple presentations were also reduced (p≤0.0001).
Hospital admissions for acute asthma exacerbations were also reduced: only 24 (8% (95% CI 5.3% to 11.8%)) were hospitalised during the lockdown compared with 56 (19% (95% CI 14.6% to 23.8%)) during the same period in 2019 (p≤0.0001). Of the 56 children hospitalised in 2019, 13 (4% (95% CI 2.4% to 7.4%)) patients required at least two admissions compared with 4 (1% (95% CI 0.4% to 3.4%)) during the lockdown in 2020 (p≤0.0001) (table 3). None of the patients of this study was admitted to the paediatric intensive care unit nor infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.
ED visits and hospitalisation of children with asthma during the COVID-19 lockdown due to asthma exacerbations
Use of media for COVID-19 information and parental concerns
While 212 (71% (95% CI 65.9% to 76.5%)) received information on how to deal with acute exacerbations caused by COVID-19 during the lockdown, only 60 (28% (95% CI 15.8% to 25.2%)) received their information from the patient’s treating physician through WhatsApp. The majority (179 or 84% (95% CI 78.8% to 89.0%)) received their information about the effects of COVID-19 on asthma from media and social media such as Facebook and WhatsApp, while 135 (64% (95% CI 56.8% to 70.2%)) acquired information through personal internet searches.
Almost all parents (293 or 99% (95% CI 96.6% to 99.6%)) felt they needed to strictly follow safety measures to keep their children safe, and the majority (255 or 86% (95% CI 81.4% to 89.6%)) thought patients with asthma had higher risk of severe COVID-19 than patients without asthma. Consequently, 219 (74% (95% CI 68.3% to 78.7%)) of parents felt stressed and insecure regarding their children’s asthma. The fears identified included difficulty reaching hospitals if required (122 (41% (95% CI 35.4% to 46.9%))), running out of inhalers (106 (36% (95% CI 30.2% to 41.4%))) and expired insurance (33 (15% (95% CI 10.6% to 20.4%))), with more than one option possible. On the other hand, 78 (95% CI 26% (21.4% to 31.7%)) of parents did not feel worried about their children’s asthma with the main reasons being that their children’s asthma was controlled (56 (72% (95% CI 60.5% to 81.4%))), and that inhalers were available at home (22 (29% (95% CI 18.6% to 39.5%))).
Use of telemedicine during the COVID-19 lockdown
The child’s medical team was contacted by 76 (26%) at least once. Methods were most commonly WhatsApp (45 (152%)) and phone (45 (15%)), with more than one option possible. Among those who contacted their child’s medical team, 64 (87%) described the availability and the accessibility as easy and smooth.
Discussion
This questionnaire study provides important feedback about the impact of a 10-week lockdown on parents’ management of children’s asthma and disease outcomes. Consistent with other reports, we saw a decrease in presentations to the ED and hospital admissions for paediatric asthma compared with the same period 1 year before. New information from this study is the information from parental reports regarding children’s compliance with medication use and reports of reduced need for acute bronchodilator therapy. Finally, parental feedback was generally positive on use of telemedicine for their interactions with health services to manage their children’s asthma.
The pattern of reduced emergency presentations and hospitalisations with asthma has now been seen in reports from Slovenia,11 Japan12 and the USA.13 Krivec et al from Slovenia reported a 7% reduction in paediatric asthma hospitalisations compared with the same time period in the last 3 years.11 Abe et al found a significant reduction in asthma hospitalisations during the COVID-19 outbreak in Japan compared with asthma-related hospitalisation in years 2017–2019.12 Taquechel et al reported an 84% drop in asthma emergency and inpatient-related visits.13 In the Northeastern USA, there was a decrease in ED visits and hospitalisations during a spring lockdown rather than the anticipated increase in acute asthma exacerbations normally seen with increased exposure to pollens and respiratory viruses.14 Furthermore, in their retrospective study from Scotland, Williams et al have shown a reduction in paediatric emergency presentations and emergency paediatric intensive care unit admissions during the lockdown compared with the same period in previous years (2016–2019).15
Our survey suggests that parental concerns about the susceptibility of individuals with chronic lung disease to severe COVID-19 led to improved adherence to preventer therapies. Among carers in this survey, 219 (74%) felt stressed regarding their children’s asthma, and 241 (81%) used a preventer (inhaled corticosteroids) at least three times weekly and stated that their compliance was better during the national lockdown, which we suggest was because of their fear of COVID-19 disease, although other factors may have contributed, such as parents’ proximity to their children for increased hours when the family are all in lockdown. Kaye et al evaluated patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease from January to March 2020 and found a 15% increase in mean daily medication adherence.16 Possible causes of this improvement included patients responding to national COVID-19 guidelines17 and heightened awareness of the need to control their primary respiratory disease.15
Telehealth options were well received during the lockdown. Closure of outpatient medical services led to their replacement with telehealth options for education and provision of medical advice, and almost 25% of our cohort contacted their treating physicians at least once. Easy accessibility to the treating physician through telemedicine has been expedited during COVID-19 19 with multiple studies reporting on the efficiency of telemedicine use as a tool for ongoing management of patients with chronic disease such as asthma16 18 and diabetes mellitus.12 19 Furthermore, recent studies report equivalence of patient health outcomes between in-person and remote care provision.18 20 21
The limitations of this study include the fact that all data were obtained by parental report. Reliance on retrospective parental reports can be problematic due to potential failures of memory; for this reason, four researchers checked the medical records to make sure that the parental reports about the number of hospitalisations and presentations to the EDs were correct. In fact, reports of reduced numbers of hospital presentations and admissions are consistent with other studies. Supportive evidence from parents indicated that compliance with medications was improved, although lockdown measures designed to reduce exposure to viral illnesses could also have contributed by reducing children’s normal exposure to respiratory viruses and exposure to airborne pollens and pollutants.
Conclusion
The extreme lockdown due to COVID-19 pandemic was associated with a significant decrease in ED presentations and hospitalisations among children with asthma in Jordan. Factors that likely contributed included adherence to therapy such that the need for frequent bronchodilator use dropped, and reduced exposure to outside allergens and respiratory viruses. Parents’ perception of telemedicine use during the lockdown was positive, emphasising the role of telemedicine in supporting patients and providing remote healthcare.
Data availability statement
Data are available upon reasonable request. This study is questionnaire-based and all data are available through the first author.
Ethics statements
Ethics approval
The study design and questionnaire were approved by the institutional review board (IRB) committee of the University of Jordan and Jordan University Hospital (IRB number 2020/286).
Supplementary materials
Supplementary Data
This web only file has been produced by the BMJ Publishing Group from an electronic file supplied by the author(s) and has not been edited for content.
Footnotes
Contributors MMA conceived the study idea, collected the data, did the primary data analysis and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. KW critically reviewed the final manuscript. SMA, BSA, HZN, AA, SA, RI, RA and AK contributed to the data collection and obtained consent from the parents. EA-Z, BSA and YA-M reviewed the final manuscript and helped in the statistical methods. All authors made a significant contribution to the final manuscript.
Funding This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
Competing interests None declared.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Supplemental material This content has been supplied by the author(s). It has not been vetted by BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) and may not have been peer-reviewed. Any opinions or recommendations discussed are solely those of the author(s) and are not endorsed by BMJ. BMJ disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on the content. Where the content includes any translated material, BMJ does not warrant the accuracy and reliability of the translations (including but not limited to local regulations, clinical guidelines, terminology, drug names and drug dosages), and is not responsible for any error and/or omissions arising from translation and adaptation or otherwise.