Multiple regression models using the imputed data set (n=8205) demonstrating the likelihood children achieved level ≥4 at KS2 English according to hearing and visual status and after adjustment for confounding variables (models 1–3) and mediating factors (models 4–5)
| KS2 English: achievement of level ≥4 | ||||||||||||
| Univariate logistic regression | Model 1: male, age at testing and SEN at KS2 | Model 2: model 1 and maternal age <25, parity and smoking during pregnancy | Model 3: model 2 and FAI and IMD | Model 4: model 3 and IQ | Model 5: model 4 and behaviour, social perceptions and attention | |||||||
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| Hearing difficulties (n=852) | 0.78 | 0.66 to 0.92 | 0.80 | 0.66 to 0.98 | 0.81 | 0.66 to 0.99 | 0.81 | 0.66 to 0.99 | 0.87 | 0.71 to 1.06 | 0.88 | 0.72 to 1.08 |
| Visual difficulties (n=573) | 0.66 | 0.64 to 0.80 | 0.79 | 0.62 to 0.99 | 0.81 | 0.64 to 1.02 | 0.82 | 0.64 to 1.03 | 0.87 | 0.68 to 1.11 | 0.90 | 0.71 to 1.14 |
| Co-occurring hearing and visual difficulties (n=45) | 0.25 | 0.14 to 0.45 | 0.30 | 0.15 to 0.61 | 0.30 | 0.15 to 0.61 | 0.30 | 0.15 to 0.61 | 0.36 | 0.17 to 0.74 | 0.38 | 0.18 to 0.78 |
FAI, Family Adversity Index; IMD, Indices of Multiple Deprivations; KS2, Key Stage 2; SEN, Special Educational Needs.