Multiple regression models using the imputed data set (n=8205) demonstrating the likelihood children achieved ≥5 GCSEs at A*–C grade (including Maths and English), according to hearing and visual status and after adjustment for confounding variables (models 1–3) and mediating factors (models 4–5)
| KS4: achievement of ≥5 GCSEs at A*–C, including Maths and English | ||||||||||||||
| Univariate logistic regression | Model 1: male, SCBU admission and SEN at KS4 | Model 2: model 1 and maternal age <25, parity and smoking during pregnancy | Model 3: model 2 and FAI and IMD | Model 4: model 3 and KS2 English, Maths and Science performance | Model 5: model 4 and IQ | Model 6: model 5 and behaviour, social perceptions and attention | ||||||||
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| Hearing difficulties (n=852) | 0.80 | 0.68 to 0.94 | 0.83 | 0.69 to 0.99 | 0.83 | 0.69 to 0.99 | 0.82 | 0.68 to 0.99 | 0.85 | 0.69 to 1.04 | 0.95 | 0.76 to 1.17 | 0.96 | 0.77 to 1.19 |
| Visual difficulties (n=573) | 0.86 | 0.71 to 1.05 | 0.94 | 0.74 to 1.17 | 1.00 | 0.79 to 1.27 | 1.02 | 0.81 to 1.30 | 1.20 | 0.92 to 1.56 | 1.34 | 1.00 to 1.79 | 1.37 | 1.02 to 1.84 |
| Co-occurring hearing and visual difficulties (n=45) | 0.55 | 0.29 to 1.06 | 0.67 | 0.29 to 1.51 | 0.68 | 0.29 to 1.58 | 0.66 | 0.28 to 1.53 | 1.13 | 0.43 to 2.94 | 1.42 | 0.50 to 4.06 | 1.49 | 0.52 to 4.29 |
FAI, Family Adversity Index; GCSE, General Certificate of Secondary Education; IMD, Indices of Multiple Deprivations; KS2, Key Stage 2; KS4, Key Stage 4; SCBU, special care baby unit; SEN, special educational needs.