Non-mainstream treatment use (N-MT) according to surveys
| Study author, publication date | Setting | No surveyed (n) | Age | Sample type | N-MT use, % | Treatments surveyed | % taking pharmaceutical medication |
| Stubberfield 199943 | Australia, Boston Child Development Centre | 290 | 10.2±5.8 | Clinical: all referred for ADHD testing | 64 | Dietary interventions, chiropractic, optometry, use of coloured glasses, use of any other therapy not specifically listed. | 69 |
| Bussing 200244 | USA, N Florida Primary schools | 822 | 8.2+1.68 | Population: random selection, school registration records | 12 | Chiropractic, homoeopathy, massage, acupuncture, faith healing | Not mentioned |
| Gross-Tsur 200319 | Israel, Jerusalem Medical Centre | 120 | 11.0±3.1 | Clinical: all with ADHD attending an emergency department or neuropediatric clinic | 28 | Diet, homoeopathy, acupuncture, biofeedback | 80 |
| Chan 200345 | USA, Boston Children’s Hospital | 114 | Not mentioned | Clinical: all referred for ADHD testing | 54 | Expressive (eg, sensory integration, occupational therapy, art, music, dance), dietary manipulation, special exercises (eg, yoga, tai chi), relaxation techniques (eg, meditation), prayer, biofeedback, chiropractic, herbal remedies, massage, healer, hypnosis | 51 |
| Concannon 200546 | Australia, North Sydney | 278 | 5–11 | Population: All primary schools | 71 | Elimination diet, fatty acid supplement, vitamins, behavioural optometry, herbal medicine, allergy testing, chiropractic, sound therapy, osteopathy, acupuncture | 66 |
| Sinha 200520 | Australia, Melbourne Royal Children’s Hospital | 75 | 11.1+2.9 | Clinical: hospital outpatient records, all ADHD diagnoses | 67.6 | Naturopathy, herbal therapy, homoeopathy, dietary supplements, modified diet, neurofeedback, aromatherapy, therapeutic massage, reiki/therapeutic touch, special exercise (eg, yoga), behavioural optometry, chiropractic, kinesiology, osteopathy, relaxation tape, meditation, magnetic pillow | 92 |
| Johnston 200547 | Canada, British Columbia | 73 | 9.86±2.32 | Population: Newspaper and community centre ads | 50 | Vitamin/naturopathy, diet/supplements, family therapy, neurofeedback | 81 |
| Cala 201248 | USA, Texas | 117 | 10.9±3.1 | Clinical: 5 Community mental health centres | 20 | Herbal medicines (ginkgo biloba, echinacea, and St. John’s wort) | 13 |
| Huang 201323 | USA, New Jersey University of Medicine | 135 | 10.9±3.2 | Convenience: Patient panel | 19.5 | Dietary supplements, sensory integration, facilitated communication, music therapy, candida therapy, gluten casein-free diet, intravenous secretin, kinesiology, behaviour modification, vision therapy | 98 |
| Kemper 201349 | USA | 483 | 7–17 | Population: 2007 National Health Interview Survey data | 36.2 | Biofeedback, hypnosis, guided imagery, meditation, progressive relaxation, qi gong, stress management classes, tai chi, yoga; dietary supplements; chiropractic/osteopathic, massage; homoeopathy, naturopathy, ayurveda, curandero, espiritista, hierbero, yerbera, shaman, botanica, native american healer/medicine man, sobador | Not mentioned |
ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.