Table 4

Perinatal outcome (pooled data)

Foetal outcome
Outcome	Number of studies	Results	Indications	Remarks
Preterm birth	43 studies (26 case series/cohort and 17 case reports)	Preterm birth=330 out of 1273 neonates in the case series/cohort (25.9%). Preterm birth=19 out of 45 neonates in the case reports (42.2%).	Iatrogenic prematurity to improve maternal COVID-19 related respiratory symptoms=153. Spontaneous preterm labour=24. Foetal compromise/distress=17. Unknown/other=156.	Pooled preterm birth in 26.4% of total births Spontaneous preterm birth: 1.8% of total births
Mode of delivery	59 studies (30 case series/cohort and 29 case reports)	In case series/cohorts, out of 1267 deliveries, CS=761 (60%) and VD=506 (40%). In case reports, out of 44 deliveries, CS=25 (56.8%) and VD=19 (43.2%).	Maternal COVID-19 related conditions most common indication	Pooled data: CS=786 (59.9%) VD=525 (40.1%)
Stillbirth Miscarriage	Stillbirth=8 studies Miscarriage=5 studies	Stillbirth=13 Spontaneous miscarriage=15 Induced miscarriage=4	All induced miscarriages were due to maternal request	Stillbirth rate=9.9
Feral complications	FD=21 studies PROM and PPROM=15 studies	Foetal distress (87 out of 1311 pregnancies) (6.63%) PROM and PPROM (56 out of 1311 pregnancies) (4.27%)	–	–
IUGR and SGA	IUGR: 5 studies SGA: 2 studies	12 foetuses had IUGR (0.9%) 5 neonates had SGA (0.38%)	–	–
Neonatal outcomes
Outcome		Results
Neonatal symptoms		Respiratory symptoms=23 neonates (1.79%) Neonatal pneumonia and pulmonary infection=14 neonates (1.1%) Fever=12 neonates (0.9%)	Most common symptom is respiratory distress in (1.17%)
APGAR score		Score of less than 7 at 1 min and 5 minutes=neonates	Most common reason is preterm birth
ICU admissions		In 276 neonates (21.5%)	Most common reason was for observation and isolation (32.6 %) Prematurity is second most common reason ICU admissions for suspected or confirmed neonatal sepsis was reported in 6 neonates (0.46%)
Neonatal death		7 neonates		Neonatal death rate=5.46 per 1000 live births

.Ab.CTG, non-reassuring/pathological foetal cardio-tocography ; CS, caesarean section; FD, foetal distress; ICU, intensive care unit; IM, induced miscarriage; IUGR, intrauterine growth restriction; MSA, meconium-stained amniotic fluid; PROM, prelabour rupture of membrane ; SGA, small for gestational age; VD, vaginal delivery.