Analysis of evidence of congenital/ intrapartum/postpartum transmission
| Author (reference) (samples positive/total tested) | Samples +ve | Foetal/neonatal status | Alternate explanation for clinical features | Mother to child transmission (n) |
| Groß R et al(2/2)52 | NP >D7 | Respiratory symptoms (2), icterus (1) | Alternate explanation: excluded in 1; respiratory syncytial virus +ve in 1 | Neonatal infection acquired post partum: confirmed (1) unlikely (1) |
| Buonsenso et al(1/2)53 | 1st: NP −ve on D1, D4 and +ve on D15, placenta, AF, rectal swab:negative, weak IgG +ve, IgM −ve second - Placenta, Breast milk-+ve but cord blood negative in neonate with NP negative result | Symptoms: absent | – | Neonatal infection acquired post partum: confirmed (asymptomatic) (1st) possible congenital infection (2nd) |
| Vivanti A et al(1/1)29 | NP +ve at 1 hour, D3, D18; rectal swab +ve at 1 hour, D3, D18; vaginal swab, NBAL, neonatal blood +ve | Irritability, poor feeding, axial hypertonia and opisthotonos | Alternate explanation: excluded | Confirmed congenital infection |
| Kirtsman M et al(1/1)35 | NP +ve at birth, D2, D7 Placenta (foetal side) +ve Stool +ve D7, BM +ve | Hypothermia, feeding difficulties, hypoglycaemic, neutropenia | Alternate explanation: excluded | Probable congenital infection |
| Zamaniyan M et al(1/1)30 | NP: −ve at 0 hours, +ve at D2, D4, D6 AF before rupture of membranes +ve cord blood and vaginal secretion: negative | Fever (1) | Alternate explanation: not identified | Confirmed congenital infection |
| Wang S et al(1/1)51 | NP +ve at 36 hours placenta, cord blood, BM:−ve | Vomiting, lymphopenia, abnormal liver enzyme levels | Alternate explanation: excluded | Neonatal infection acquired intra partum: possible |
| Khan S et al(2/17)64 | NP +ve within 24 hours | NNP | Alternate explanation: not identified | Neonatal infection acquired intra partum: possible |
| Zeng L et al(3/33)41 | NP +ve at D2, D4, −ve at D6 | RD (1); cyanosis, feeding intolerance (1); fever (2); NNP (3); lethargy, fever (1); lethargy, fever, NNP, vomiting leukocytosis, lymphocytopenia (1); preterm- neonatal RDS, NNP, lymphocytopenia (1) | Alternate explanation: excluded | Neonatal infection acquired intra partum: possible NP not done at birth, no other samples tested |
| Hu X et al(1/7)42 | NP +ve at 36 hours; foetal urine, AF are negative | Symptoms: absent | – | Neonatal infection acquired intra partum: possible NP not done at birth |
| Knight M et al(12/244)23 | NP +ve at <12 hours (6) NP +ve at >12 hours (6) | Neonatal encephalopathy (1) | – | Congenital infection possible (1) Other evidences lacking |
| Alzamora M et al(1/1)78 | NP +ve at 16 hours and 48 hours Cord blood IgM and IgG negative at D1 and D5 | Respiratory difficulty and cough | Alternate explanation: excluded | Neonatal infection acquired intra partum: confirmed NP not done at birth |
| Hantoushzadeh et al(1/4)75 | NP −ve on D1, +ve on D7 | NNP, lymphopenia (1) | – | Neonatal infection acquired post partum: confirmed |
| Pierce-Williams R et al(1/33)63 | Negative at 24 hours, +ve at 48 hours | Symptoms: absent | – | Neonatal infection acquired post partum: confirmed |
| Nayak A et al(3/131)26 | NP +ve on D1; −ve on D5 | Neonatal seizures, MAS (1) | – | Probable neonatal infection acquired intra partum |
| Nie R et al(1/26)68 | NP +ve at 36 hours, negative: D4, D8, D15; cord blood, placenta:negative | Pulmonary infection (1) | Alternate explanation: not identified | Neonatal infection acquired intra partum: possible NP not done at birth |
| Savasi V et al(4/57)109 | Timing of NP test could not be ascertained (early postpartum period) | – | – | – |
| Kayem G et al(2/181)25 | Timing of test could not be ascertained | – | – | – |
| Patane L et al(2/22)39 | 1st: NP +ve at birth, >24 hours, >7 days 2nd: NP negative at birth, +ve on D7 Placenta: chronic intervillitis, PCR +ve in both placenta | Mild feeding difficulty (2) | – | Probable congenital infection (1) Possible congenital infection (1) |
| Ferrazzi E et al(3/42)28 | NP +ve on D1, D3 (2) NP equivocal at birth but +ve on D3 (1) | Gastrointestinal symptoms, RD (2) | Alternate explanation: not identified | Neonatal infection acquired post partum: confirmed (1) Neonatal infection acquired intra partum: possible (2) Other evidences lacking |
| Govind A et al(1/9)61 | NP at birth | NNP (1) | Alternate explanation: excluded | Neonatal infection acquired intra partum: confirmed? NP not done after 24 hours |
| Penfield C et al((3/11)103 | NP: Negative (D1 and D5) Placenta and membrane +ve | Symptoms: absent | Neonatal infection acquired intra partum: possible | |
| Baud D et al(1/1)33 | NP, AF, vaginal swabs: negative Placenta +ve | 2nd trimester spontaneous miscarriage | Confirmed congenital infection | |
| Hosier H et al(1/1)32 | Placenta, cord blood: both +ve | D&E at 22 weeks | Confirmed congenital infection | |
| Pulinx B et al(2/2)31 | AF, placenta: both +ve | DCDA twin at 24 weeks expelled | Confirmed congenital infection | |
| Dong L et al(1/1)55 | IgM level elevated NP negative at 2 hours,16 hours | Symptoms: absent | – | Possible congenital infection |
| Zeng H et al(1/1)54 | NP negative; elevated IgM and IgG (2); elevated IgG, normal IgM (3) | Symptoms: absent | – | Possible congenital infection |
| Martínez-Perez O et al(5/82)65 | NP +ve at birth and negative at 48 hours (3); NP negative at birth but +ve at D10 (2) | RD (2) Symptoms: absent (3) | Alternate explanation: not identified (2) | Neonatal infection acquired intra partum: probable (2) Neonatal infection acquired intra partum: possible (1) Neonatal infection acquired post partum: confirmed (2) |
| Kulkarni et al(1/1)117 | NP, placenta, cord stump RT PCR- All +ve at 12 hours of life NP at D5 and D10 +ve | Fever, icterus and poor feeding | Alternate explanation:excluded | Confirmed congenital infection |
| Sisman J et al(1/1)70 | NP +ve at 24 hours, 48 hours, D14 placenta +ve by electron microscopy | Fever, RD, icterus | Alternate explanation: excluded | Confirmed congenital infection |
.AF, amniotic fluid; BM, breast milk; DCDA, dichorionic diamniotic; D&E, dilatation and evacuation; NBAL, non-bronchoscopic broncho-alveolar lavage fluid; NNP, neonatal pneumonia; NP, neonatal pharyngeal/throat swab; RD, respiratory distress.