Multilevel logistic regression analysis of factors associated with low birth weight in Ethiopia, Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2016
| Variables | Model I | Model II AOR (95% CI) | Model III AOR (95% CI) | Model IV AOR (95% CI) | Model V AOR (95% CI) |
| Maternal age | |||||
| 15–19 | – | 1.77 (0.82 to 4.74) | – | 1.90 (0.79 to 4.59) | 2.01 (0.83 to 4.86) |
| 20–24 | – | 1.05 (0.52 to 2.12) | – | 1.01 (0.50 to 2.06) | 0.98 (0.48 to 2.01) |
| 25–29 | – | 1.13 (0.57 to 2.21) | – | 1.09 (0.56 to 2.15) | 1.10 (0.56 to 2.17) |
| 30–34 | – | 0.91 (0.45 to 1.81) | – | 0.90 (0.45 to 1.79) | 0.87 (0.43 to 1.76) |
| 35–49 | – | 1 | – | 1 | 1 |
| Maternal educational level | |||||
| No education | 1.91 (1.23 to 2.93) | – | 1.82 (1.12 to 2.96)* | 1.90 (1.23 to 2.93)* | |
| Primary | – | 1.32 (0.91 to 1.92) | – | 1.33 (0.91 to 1.95) | 1.33 (0.91 to 1.93) |
| Secondary and above | – | 1 | – | 1 | 1 |
| Gestational age | |||||
| <37 weeks | – | 5.82 (3.18 to 10.60) | – | 5.91 (3.21 to 10.10)† | 5.97 (3.26 to 10.95)† |
| ≥37 weeks | – | 1 | – | 1 | 1 |
| Iron | |||||
| Yes | – | 1 | – | 1 | 1 |
| No | – | 1.15 (0.84 to 1.57) | – | 1.14 (0.83 to 1.57) | 1.15 (0.84 to 1.58) |
| Number of antenatal care visit | |||||
| <4 visits | – | 1.08 (0.79 to 1.51) | – | 1.11 (0.80 to 1.52) | 1.10 (0.79 to 1.52) |
| ≥4 visits | – | 1 | – | 1 | 1 |
| Media exposure | |||||
| Yes | – | 1 | – | 1 | 1 |
| No | – | 0.89 (0.61 to 1.30) | – | 0.84 (0.55 to 1.29) | 0.89 (0.60 to 1.32) |
| Maternal body mass index | |||||
| Underweight | – | 0.98 (0.62 to 1.42) | – | 0.96 (0.63 to 1.45) | 0.93 (0.61 to 1.42) |
| Normal | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Overweight/obese | 0.88 (0.59 to 1.42) | 0.90 (0.59 to 1.42) | 0.91 (0.58 to 1.39) | ||
| Wealth index | |||||
| Poor | – | 1.16 (0.73 to 1.83) | – | 1.26 (0.674 to 1.438) | 1.30 (0.72 to 2.33) |
| Middle | – | 1.34 (0.80 to 2.25) | – | 1.28 (0.724 to 2.284) | 1.41 (0.81 to 2.45) |
| Rich | – | 1 | – | 1 | 1 |
| Maternal anaemia | |||||
| Not anaemic | – | 1 | – | 1 | 1 |
| Mild | – | 0.64 (0.33 to 1.22) | – | 0.63 (0.33 to 1.22) | 0.53 (0.24 to 1.18) |
| Moderate | – | 1.07 (0.56 to 2.05) | – | 1.09 (0.57 to 2.08) | 1.95 (0.87 to 4.37) |
| Severe | – | 1.48 (1.04 to 2.11) | – | 1.47 (1.04 to 2.01)* | 1.40 (1.03 to 2.15)* |
| Sex of neonate | |||||
| Male | – | 1 | – | 1 | |
| Female | – | 1.37 (1.04 to 1.84) | – | 1.38 (1.04 to 1.84)* | 1.41 (1.05 to 1.89)* |
| Community poverty level | |||||
| Low | – | – | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| High | – | – | 0.93 (0.59 to 1.47) | 0.79 (0.47 to 1.35) | 0.67 (0.37 to 1.23) |
| Community media exposure | |||||
| Low | – | – | 1.34 (0.81 to 2.02) | 1.20 (0.76 to 1.89) | 1.19 (0.75 to 1.89) |
| High | – | – | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Community women education | |||||
| Low | – | – | 0.79 (0.52 to 1.20) | 0.83 (0.52 to 1.30) | 0.90 (0.59 to 1.35) |
| High | – | – | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Place of residence | |||||
| Urban | – | – | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Rural | – | – | 1.09 (0.71 to 1.68) | 1.01 (0.62 to 1.60) | 1.01 (0.63 to 1.63) |
| Community poverty × maternal anaemia | |||||
| High × not anaemic | – | – | – | 1 | |
| High × mild | – | – | – | 1.70 (0.42 to 6.86) | |
| High × moderate | – | – | – | 0.29 (0.07 to 1.16) | |
| High × severe | – | – | – | 2.07 (1.02 to 4.31)* |
*P value <0.05.
†P value <=0.01.
1, reference category; AOR, adjusted OR.