Present cohort | Eleftheriou et al28 | Szugye et al31 | Cakar et al34 | Jain et al33 | Muranjan et al29 | Hahn et al19 | Hong et al32 | |
Year of publication | 2021 | 2015 | 2014 | 2008 | 2000 | 2000 | 1998 | 1992 |
Region | India | UK | USA | Turkey | India | India | South Africa | Korea |
Number of patients | 28 | 11 | 21 | 19 | 24 | 17 | 31 | 70 |
Age at presentation: mean (years) | 10 | 11.8 | 13 | 12.84 | 14 | 9.3 | 8.4 | 9.4 |
Sex (F:M) | 1:1 | 1.75:1 | 3.2:1 | 2.8:1 | 5:1 | 0.8:1 | 1.3:1 | 4.3:1 |
Fever, n (%) | 9 (32.1) | 4 (36) | 5 (23.8) | 5 (26) | 1 (4) | 3 (17.6) | 2 (6.6) | NA |
Arthralgia n (%) | 9 (32.1) | 1 (9) | NA | 3 (16) | 1 (4) | 1 (5.8) | 2 (6.6) | 1 (1) |
Unequal/asymmetrical pulses, n (%) | 4 (14.3) | 3 (27) | 13 (61.9) | 11 (58) | 14 (58) | 7 (41.1) | 10 (32) | NA |
More than 10 mm BP difference between the two limbs, n (%) | 6 (21.4) | 3 (27) | 15 (71.4) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Bruits, n (%) | 8 (28.6) | 6 (54) | 12 (57.1) | 5 (26) | 14 (58) | 4 (23.5) | 12 (38) | NA |
HTN, n (%) | 20 (71.4) | 8 (72) | 12 (57.1) | 17 (89) | 20 (83) | 11 (64.7) | 26 (84) | 65 (93) |
Headache | 9 (32.1) | NA | NA | 16 (84) | 13 (54) | 3 (17.6) | NA | 29 (41) |
Cardiac disease / LV dysfunction, n (%) | 19 (67.8) | 3 (27) | NA | 8 (42) | 4 (17) | 7 (41.1) | 20 (64) | NA |
Valvular regurgitation | 10 (35.7) AR:6 MR:4 | 1 (9) | NA | NA | 2 (8) | 6 (35.2) | NA | NA |
ADHF, n (%) | 14 (50) | 2 (18) | NA | NA | 4 (17) | 8 (47.1) | 20 (64) | 37 (52) |
Carotydinia | 1 (3.5) | NA | 1 (4.8) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Claudication | 1 (3.5) | 1 (9) | 3 (14.2) | 6 (32) | NA | NA | 4 (12) | 5 (7) |
Renal failure, n (%) | 1 (3.5) | 1 (9) | 1 (4.8) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 2 (2.9) |
Stroke/encephalopathy, n (%) | 1 (3.5) | 1 (9) | NM | NM | 4 (17) | 4 (23.5) | 7 (22) | 15 (21) |
Ocular complications, n (%) | HTR: 1 (3.5) | NM | 2 (9.5) | NM | 17 (70.8) | HTR: 5 (29.4) | HTR: 2 (6) | NM |
TAR | TAR: | |||||||
1 (4.5) | 3 (12) | |||||||
HTR: 1 (4.5) | HTR:14 | |||||||
(58) | ||||||||
Raised acute phase reactants | 9 (32.1) | NM | 15 (71.4) | NM | 11 (65) | 14 (82.3) | 23 (83) | 37 (52) |
Vessel involvement | ||||||||
n (%) | ||||||||
Type 1 | 1 (3.5) | 1 (9.09) | NA | 13 (68.4) | 0 | 1 (5.8) | 0 | NA |
Type 2 | 18 (64.3) | 2 (18.18) | NA | 4 (21.1) | 1 (4) | 9 (52.9) | 11 (35.5) | NA |
Type 3 | 8 (28.6) | 7 (63.6) | NA | 0 | 1 (4) | 5 (29.4) | 11 (35.5) | NA |
Type4 | 1 (3.5) | 1 (9.09) | NA | 2 (10.5) | 7 (29) | 2 (11.7) | 4 (12.9) | NA |
Type 5 | 0 | 0 | NA | 0 | 15(62) | 0 | 5 (16) | NA |
Aortic arch | 10 (35.7) | 7 (63.6) | NA | 13 (61.9) | 2 (8) | NA | NA | 2 (2.9) |
TA | 13 (46.4) | 7 (63.6) | 11 (52.4) | 17 (80.9) | 5 (21) | NA | 5 (16) | 39 (55.7) |
AA | 6 (21.4) | 9 (81.8) | 11 (52.4) | 17 (80.9) | 17 (71) | NA | 13 (42) | 44 (62.9) |
RA | 12 (42.8) | NA | 16 (76.2) | 14 (66.7) | 11 (46) | 12 (70.5) | 22 (71) | 34 (50) |
SCA | 10 (35.7) | NA | 19 (90.5) | NA | 10 (42) | NA | NA | 30 (42.9) |
Carotid artery | 1 (3.5) | NA | 9 (42.9) | NA | 3 (12) | NA | NA | 14 (20) |
Aneurysm | 1 (3.5) | 1 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
AA, abdominal aorta; ADHF, acute decompensated heart failure; AR, aortic regurgitation; BP, blood pressure; F, female; HTN, hypertension; HTR, hypertensive retinopathy; M, male; MR, mitral regurgitation; NA, not available; RA, renal artery; SCA, subclavian artery; TA, thoracic aorta; TAR, Takayasu retinopathy.