Results (HRs) of the multivariable Cox proportional hazard models for neonatal, postneonatal and infant mortality in the Farafenni Health and Demographics Surveillance System in the years 2014–2017
| Variable | 0–≤28 days | >28–365 days | 0–365 days | |||
| HR (95% CI) | p | HR (95% CI) | p | HR (95% CI) | p | |
| Age of mother at birth | ||||||
| <18 | ref | ref | ||||
| 18–35 | 0.66 (0.26 to 1.69) | 0.383 | 1.04 (0.44 to 2.49) | 0.93 | ||
| 36+ | 0.48 (0.14 to 1.68) | 0.250 | 0.85 (0.29 to 2.49) | 0.77 | ||
| Death of any sibling | ||||||
| No | ref | ref | ref | |||
| Yes | 2.60 (1.19 to 5.71) | 0.017* | 2.26 (1.17 to 4.37) | 0.015 | 2.78 (1.54 to 5.00) | <0.01 |
| Birth order | ||||||
| First born | ref | ref | ||||
| Second, third or fourth | 0.47 (0.23 to 0.99) | 0.046 | 0.70 (0.41 to 1.17) | 0.17 | ||
| Fifth or higher | 0.82 (0.38 to 1.76) | 0.610 | 0.71 (0.41 to 1.24) | 0.23 | ||
| Singleton/multiple pregnancy | ||||||
| Singleton | ref | ref | ref | |||
| Multiple pregnancy | 2.07 (0.83 to 5.18) | 0.118 | 2.39 (1.05 to 5.44) | 0.037 | 1.96 (1.01 to 3.80) | 0.05† |
| Season of birth | ||||||
| Hungry (July to December) | ref | ref | ||||
| Harvest (January to June) | 1.83 (1.08 to 3.10) | 0.026 | 1.55 (1.07 to 2.24) | 0.02 | ||
| Place of birth | ||||||
| Hospital | ref | ref | ||||
| Health centre/clinic | 1.01 (0.43 to 2.38) | 0.978 | 1.00 (0.52 to 1.94) | 0.99 | ||
| Someone’s home | 0.64 (0.28 to 1.46) | 0.292 | 0.68 (0.37 to 1.23) | 0.20 | ||
| Mode of delivery | ||||||
| Vaginal birth | ref | ref | ||||
| Caesarean section | 2.56 (0.90 to 7.33) | 0.080 | 1.33 (0.47 to 3.78) | 0.59 | ||
| Breast feeding | ||||||
| Yes | ref | ref | ref | |||
| No | 23.60 (13.73 to 40.56) | <0.001 | 3.34 (1.53 to 7.29) | 0.003 | 10.73 (6.83 to 16.86) | <0.01 |
| BCG vaccination in first week | ||||||
| Yes | ref | |||||
| No | 3.47 (1.07 to 11.24) | 0.04† | ||||
| Setting | ||||||
| Urban and peri-urban | ref | ref | ||||
| Rural | 3.70 (1.57 to 8.70) | 0.003 | 4.34 (2.03 to 9.29) | <0.01‡ | ||
| Distance to nearest PHC | 0.96 (0.78 to 1.19) | 0.735 | 1.18 (1.01 to 1.39) | 0.043 | 1.33 (1.11 to 1.59) | <0.01 |
| Setting×distance to nearest PHC interaction | ||||||
| Urban and peri-urban | ref | |||||
| Rural | 0.7 | 0.01† | ||||
Univariate analyses for these variables are presented in tables 1–4. P values<0.05 are bolded.
*When we removed the variable 'birth order' from the model instead of ‘spacing to previous sibling’, this variable was no longer statistically significant.
†This variable was not statistically significant if we excluded infants who died in the first 7 days.
‡When we removed the variable 'distance to nearest PHC' from the model instead of ‘PHC’, this variable was no longer statistically significant.
PHC, public health centre.