Factors associated with HIV prevalence among HIV-exposed infants with DNA-PCR HIV tests between 2013 and 2020 in Malawi
| Patient characteristics (n=235 774) | n | No of infants with HIV positive results | HIV prevalence among HIV-exposed infants in % (95% CI) | Crude* | Adjusted*† | ||
| OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | ||||
| Total | 235 774 | 16 936 | 7.18 (7.08 to 7.29) | ||||
| Gender | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| Male | 122 610 | 5485 | 6.95 (6.80 to 7.09) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Female | 125275 | 5948 | 7.41 (7.27 to 7.56) | 1.07 (1.04 to 1.11) | 1.07 (1.03 to 1.10) | ||
| Location | 0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| Rural | 168,258 | 6843 | 6.83 (6.71 to 6.96) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Urban | 86,971 | 2568 | 7.87 (7.68 to 8.05) | 1.06 (1.02 to 1.10) | 1.22 (1.17 to 1.27) | ||
| Age at sample draw (in months) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| 0–1 | 145,622 | 2807 | 2.89 (2.80 to 2.98) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 2–5 | 74,707 | 4176 | 8.60 (8.39 to 8.80) 22.71 (22.13 to 23.29) | 3.20 (3.07 to 3.33) | 3.47 (3.33 to 3.62) | ||
| 6–11 | 21,307 | 3011 | 9.78 (9.35 to 10.23) | 10.52 (10.04 to 11.02) | |||
| 12–17 | 3,337 | 779 | 41.46 (39.72 to 43.21) | 24.17 (22.39 to 26.09) | 24.02 (22.22 to 25.96) | ||
| 18–24 | 1,902 | 542 | 51.72 (49.39 to 54.04) | 37.21 (33.61 to 41.19) | 36.24 (32.69 to 40.17) | ||
| Region | 0.042 | ||||||
| Northern | 22 897 | 1383 | 8.89 (8.51 to 9.28) | 1.00 | 0.001 | 1.00 | |
| Central | 72 633 | 3158 | 7.71 (7.50 to 7.91) | 0.81 (0.67 to 0.97) | 0.84 (0.70 to 1.01) | ||
| Southern | 159 699 | 7191 | 6.71 (6.59 to 6.84) | 0.71 (0.60 to 0.85) | 0.80 (0.67 to 0.95) | ||
| Year sample drawn | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| 2013 | 14,984 | 1041 | 6.95 (6.54 to 7.35) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 2014 | 24,375 | 1517 | 6.22 (5.92 to 6.53) | 0.95 (0.88 to 1.03) | 1.01 (0.93 to 1.10) | ||
| 2015 | 38,513 | 2161 | 5.61 (5.38 to 5.84) | 0.85 (0.79 to 0.91) | 0.95 (0.88 to 1.03) | ||
| 2016 | 37,281 | 2399 | 6.43 (6.19 to 6.68) | 1.00 (0.93 to 1.07) | 1.15 (1.06 to 1.24) | ||
| 2017 | 39,672 | 3857 | 9.72 (9.43 to 10.01) | 1.56 (1.46 to 1.67) | 1.89 (1.75 to 2.04) | ||
| 2018 | 41,420 | 3516 | 8.45 (8.22 to 8.76) | 1.34 (1.25 to 1.44) | 1.64 (1.52 to 1.77) | ||
| 2019 | 34,163 | 2238 | 6.55 (6.29 to 6.81) | 1.05 (0.97 to 1.13) | 1.37 (1.26 to 1.48) | ||
| 2020‡ | 5,366 | 207 | 3.86 (3.34 to 4.37) | 0.76 (0.66 to 0.87) | 0.86 (0.72 to 1.01) | ||
*Multiple imputation was used to generate the OR and their associated 95% CIs and P-values.
†Within district variation (rho) of HIV prevalence: 0.78% (95% CI 0.43% to 1.44%)
‡The data for the year 2020 is from January to June.
§Between district variation (σ) of HIV prevalence: 16.12% (95% CI 11.88% to 21.90%).