Infants born at <32 weeks’ gestational age with a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) who received treatment vs those who did not in England and Wales from 2010 to 2017
| Infant characteristics | Not treated | Treated | P value for difference |
| n (%) | 10 791 (65.6) | 5721 (34.8) | |
| Females, n (%) | 5056 (47.2) | 2635 (46.1) | 0.003 |
| Gestational age at birth (weeks), median (IQR) | 27 (26–29) | 26 (24–27) | <0.001 |
| Birth weight (in g), mean (SD) | 1032 (327) | 851 (241) | <0.001 |
| Birth weight z-score, mean (SD) | −0.14 (0.97) | −0.17 (0.88) | 0.072 |
| Length of stay (days), median (IQR) | 75 (51-96) | 97 (73-120) | <0.001 |
| Adverse outcomes | Not treated | Treated | Adjusted OR (95% CI)* |
| Bronchopulmonary dysplasia, n (%) | 2948 (27.5) | 2519 (44.0) | 1.49 (1.39 to 1.60)† |
| Necrotising enterocolitis, n (%) | 784 (7.0) | 433 (7.6) | 0.73 (0.64 to 0.83)† |
| Late onset sepsis, n (%) | 5856 (54.6) | 4315 (75.4) | 1.64 (1.52 to 1.77)† |
| Death before discharge, n (%) | 1195 (11.1) | 709 (12.4) | 0.65 (0.58 to 0.73)† |
*Adjusted for sex, gestation age and birthweightbirth weight z-score <-2SD.
†P<0.05 with Bonferroni correction.