Infants born at 28–31 weeks’ gestational age with a PDA who received treatment vs those who did not in England and Wales from 2010 to 2017
| Infant characteristics | Not treated | Treated | P value for difference |
| n (%) | 5001 (83.0) | 1021 (17.0) | |
| Females, n (%) | 2409 (48.2) | 448 (43.9) | 0.012 |
| Gestational age at birth (weeks), median (IQR) | 29 (28−30) | 28 (28−29) | <0.001 |
| Birth weight (in g), mean (SD) | 1255 (306) | 1150 (278) | <0.001 |
| Birth weight z-score, mean (SD) | −0.16 (1.07) | −0.32 (1.07) | <0.001 |
| Length of stay (days), median (IQR) | 58 (45−73) | 68 (54−85) | <0.001 |
| Adverse outcomes | Not treated | Treated | Adjusted OR (95% CI)* |
| Bronchopulmonary dysplasia, n (%) | 836 (16.7) | 307 (30.1) | 1.81 (1.54 to 2.13)† |
| Necrotising enterocolitis, n (%) | 170 (3.4) | 34 (3.3) | 0.83 (0.57 to 1.21)† |
| Late onset sepsis, n (%) | 1926 (38.5) | 555 (54.4) | 1.61 (1.40 to 1.86)† |
| Death before discharge, n (%) | 221 (4.4) | 58 (5.7) | 1.42 (1.05 to 1.90)† |
*Adjusted for sex, gestation age and birth weight z-score <-2SD.
†P<0.05 with Bonferroni correction.
PDA, patent ductus arteriosus.