Table 2

Participant characteristics (N=115)

CharacteristicsChildren and adolescents (n=81)Adults (n=34)
Gender (of patients)
 Male57 (70)20 (59)
 Female24 (30)14 (41)
Treatment
 Received treatment*44 (54)15 (44)
 No treatment37 (46)19 (56)
Social gender role change†
 Yes7 (9)15 (44)
 No74 (91)19 (56)
Visibility of DSD‡
 Visible12 (15)17 (50)
 Partly hidden57 (70)17 (50)
 Hidden12 (15)
Region
 Central Java70 (86)29 (85)
 Other provinces in Java8 (10)2 (6)
 Outside Java island3 (4)3 (9)
Ethnic
 Javanese76 (94)31 (91)
 Non-Javanese5 (6)3 (9)
Religion
 Islam77 (95)33 (97)
 Non-Islam4 (5)1 (3)
Residential setting
 Rural45 (56)15 (44)
 Suburban24 (30)11 (32)
 Urban12 (15)8 (24)
Highest education attained(Fathers§ / mothers§)(Adults)
 No formal education9 (11) / 10 (13)4 (12)
 Elementary school27 (34) / 28 (35)3 (9)
 High school36 (45) / 36 (45)23 (68)
 University8 (10) / 6 (8)4 (12)
Parents’ occupation(Fathers / mothers§)(Adults)
 Unemployed0 / 44 (55)13 (38)
 Labour47 (59) / 22 (28)9 (27)
 Self-employed16 (20) / 6 (8)4 (12)
 Staff17 (21) /8 (10)8 (24)
  • Data are presented in n (%).

  • *Treatment in most patients had been minimal, for instance, patients had taken glucocorticoid therapy for only a limited period or had undergone one surgical procedure for hypospadias correction when two or more procedures were recommended.14 25–27

  • †Social gender role change could be physician imposed, parent imposed or patient initiated.25

  • ‡Visibility of DSD refer to all those aspects of physical and behavioural atypicality that cannot be hidden during social interaction. Concealable refers to physical atypicality that can be covered by clothes (partly hidden) and non-ambiguous phenotype (hidden).

  • §One father / mother missing for being deceased.

  • DSD, disorder of sex development.