(A) Parental report (n=81) | ||||
Questions | Components | |||
1* | 2† | 3‡ | 4§ | |
Stigma elicited by genital atypicality* | ||||
01a. Can other people see that your child has genitals that are (slightly) different from that of other children? | 0.60 | 0.44 | 0.07 | −0.14 |
01b. How stressful is this to you? | 0.72 | 0.22 | 0.31 | −0.09 |
01c¶. Open-ended question: Can you tell us more about this? | ||||
02a. Do you think that other people look at your child because of their atypical genitalia? | 0.64 | 0.38 | −0.05 | 0.19 |
02b. How stressful is this to you? | 0.73 | 0.13 | 0.17 | 0.21 |
05a. Do other people speak negatively about your child because of their atypical genital or physical appearance? | 0.65 | −0.05 | 0.27 | 0.24 |
05b. How stressful is this to you? | 0.67 | −0.10 | 0.34 | 0.14 |
06a. Do people speak negatively about you because of your child? | 0.76 | −0.07 | −0.18 | 0.13 |
06b. How stressful is this to you? | 0.73 | −0.11 | −0.17 | 0.15 |
11a. Is your child called names or teased by other children because of their atypical genital or physical appearance? | 0.40 | 0.03 | 0.24 | 0.55 |
11b. How stressful is this to you? | 0.41 | 0.02 | 0.44 | 0.49 |
Stigma elicited by physical atypicality or cross gender role behaviour† | ||||
03a. Can other people see that your child has an atypical physical appearance? | −0.09 | 0.76 | 0.07 | 0.35 |
03b. How stressful is this to you? | −0.14 | 0.52 | 0.18 | 0.48 |
04a. Do you think that other people look at your child because of their atypical physical appearance? | 0.39 | 0.67 | −0.21 | 0.16 |
04b. How stressful is this to you? | 0.17 | 0.57 | 0.13 | −0.01 |
07a. Does your child show more cross-gender role behaviour compared with other children? For parents of daughters: Does your daughter prefer more masculine activities than other girls? For parents of sons: Does your son prefer more feminine activities compared with other boys? | −0.06 | 0.87 | 0.10 | 0.20 |
07b. How stressful is this to you? | −0.01 | 0.91 | 0.04 | 0.02 |
08a. Do other people speak or behave negatively about your child because of their cross-gender role behaviour? (Daughters: masculine behaviour and interests? Sons: feminine behaviour and interests?) | 0.11 | 0.44 | −0.08 | −0.05 |
Experiences with social exclusion‡ | ||||
09a. Do other people isolate your child because of atypical of their genital/physical appearance? | −0.03 | 0.34 | 0.76 | 0.19 |
09b. How stressful is this to you? | 0.04 | 0.24 | 0.85 | 0.03 |
10a. Do other people isolate you because of your child? | 0.17 | −0.10 | 0.86 | −0.13 |
10b. How stressful is this to you? | 0.21 | −0.12 | 0.82 | −0.14 |
12a. Is your child isolated by other children because of their atypical genital or physical appearance? | −0.09 | 0.00 | 0.75 | 0.45 |
12b. How stressful is this to you? | 0.02 | −0.08 | 0.88 | 0.22 |
Emotional reactions§ | ||||
13a. Does your child suffer from emotional problems because of their atypical genital or physical appearance? | 0.26 | 0.00 | −0.07 | 0.75 |
13b. How stressful is this to you? | 0.13 | 0.02 | −0.03 | 0.82 |
13 c. How frequent was your child sad? | 0.09 | 0.06 | −0.05 | 0.55 |
13d. How frequent was your child depressed? | 0.01 | −0.01 | 0.07 | 0.82 |
13g. How frequent was your child shy? | −0.14 | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.71 |
13h. How frequent was your child socially withdrawn? | −0.11 | 0.34 | 0.13 | 0.61 |
13e. How frequent was your child angry? | 0.01 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.37 |
13f. How frequent was your child aggressive? | 0.12 | 0.05 | 0.28 | 0.24 |
14. Are you worried about your child’s future? | 0.20 | −0.01 | 0.05 | 0.29 |
15. Is it difficult for you to accept your child? | 0.25 | 0.07 | 0.02 | −0.12 |
*Stigmatisation due to genital ambiguity and stress evoked by such experiences (α=0.86).
†Stigmatisation due to atypical physical appearance or displayed cross-gender role behaviour and stress evoked by such experiences (α=0.84).
‡Social exclusion or isolation due to DSD and stress evoked by being rejected or isolated (α=0.88).
§Reported emotional problems seen in the child and parental stress evoked these emotional problems (α=0.85).
¶Each question 1–12 was followed by an open-ended question: Can you tell us more about this? Example?
SSS-DSD, Social Stigmatisation Scale–disorder of sex development.