Predictors of expressive vocabulary as a continuous variable (N=712)
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | |
| Est (p value) | Est (p value) | Est (p value) | Est (p value) | Est (p value) | |
| Maternal demographic factors | |||||
| Ethnicity (relative to white British) | |||||
| Pakistani heritage* | −12.33 (0.002) | −11.35 (0.012) | −10.56 (0.021) | −11.94 (0.007) | −3.05 (0.362) |
| Central/Eastern European | −12.24 (0.136) | −10.97 (0.193) | −9.71 (0.252) | −9.90 (0.226) | −1.86 (0.763) |
| Other | −8.78 (0.054) | −7.73 (0.113) | −6.98 (0.154) | −8.01 (0.090) | −2.84 (0.428) |
| Born in UK | |||||
| No | 4.11 (0.098) | 5.16 (0.116) | 4.72 (0.153) | 3.82 (0.230) | −0.03 (0.990) |
| Education (relative to Degree-level) | |||||
| A-levels* | −2.08 (0.319) | −2.02 (0.366) | −2.17 (0.298) | −3.40 (0.161) | −2.23 (0.033) |
| GCSEs | −4.46 (0.402) | −4.67 (0.448) | −4.97 (0.427) | −5.10 (0.301) | −3.56 (0.185) |
| None | −1.06 (0.607) | −0.76 (0.686) | −0.98 (0.696) | −1.83 (0.492) | −0.16 (0.376) |
| Financial security (relative to Comfortable) | |||||
| Alright | −5.85 (0.431) | −5.62 (0.420) | −6.59 (0.388) | −5.40 (0.160) | 3.84 (0.223) |
| Just getting by | 2.27 (0.174) | 1.86 (0.169) | 2.21 (0.144) | 2.24 (0.120) | −0.76 (0.151) |
| Quite difficult | −3.31 (0.775) | −3.34 (0.893) | −3.87 (0.863) | −5.03 (0.737) | −5.86 (0.970) |
| Very difficult | −2.05 (0.647) | −2.01 (0.615) | −2.11 (0.557) | −2.64 (0.621) | −2.57 (0.634) |
| Parental employment | |||||
| Neither parent employed | −2.14 (0.618) | −1.85 (0.662) | −1.79 (0.603) | −3.01 (0.580) | −3.05 (0.804) |
| Size of household (number of individuals)* | 1.36 (0.002) | 1.35 (0.003) | 1.33 (0.003) | 1.29 (0.003) | 0.94 (0.004) |
| Maternal age at screening | −0.11 (0.606) | −0.14 (0.500) | −0.12 (0.595) | −0.09 (0.685) | 0.02 (0.887) |
| Maternal language factors | |||||
| First language (relative to English) | |||||
| Bilingual including English | −1.43 (0.667) | −1.74 (0.602) | −0.13 (0.967) | −0.91 (0.705) | |
| No English | 0.62 (0.880) | 0.17 (0.966) | 1.51 (0.706) | −0.36 (0.905) | |
| Languages at home (relative to English) | |||||
| Bilingual including English | −0.28 (0.927) | 0.09 (0.975) | −1.71 (0.559) | −1.33 (0.548) | |
| No English | −4.05 (0.269) | −3.57 (0.332) | −4.52 (0.205) | −2.08 (0.436) | |
| Perinatal factors | |||||
| Birth weight (kg) | 1.13 (0.663) | 3.05 (0.226) | 2.42 (0.202) | ||
| Gestation at birth (weeks) | 0.63 (0.409) | 0.31 (0.676) | −0.41 (0.461) | ||
| Distal child factors | |||||
| Child sex | |||||
| Male* | −12.33 (<0.001) | −7.26 (<0.001) | |||
| Child age (months)* | 4.32 (<0.001) | 2.96 (<0.001) | |||
| Proximal child factors | |||||
| Receptive vocabulary (raw score)* | 0.82 (<0.001) | ||||
| Parent-reported hearing concerns | |||||
| Yes* | −19.45 (0.001) | ||||
| R2 | 3.12% | 3.44% | 3.76% | 11.06% | 49.51% |
| Δ R2 | NA | +0.32% | +0.32% | +7.30% | +38.45 |
| F for change in R2 (p value) | 1.51 (0.098) | 0.52 (0.722) | 1.14 (0.321) | 28.36 (<0.001) | 197.70 (<0.001) |
*Indicates p<0.05.
GCSE, General Certificate of Secondary Education.