Risk factors for early expressive vocabulary delay at age 2 (≤10th percentile) (N=712)
| Est | OR | P value | 95% CI | |
| Maternal demographic factors | ||||
| Ethnicity (relative to white British) | ||||
| Pakistani heritage | 0.89 | 2.43 | 0.054 | (0.99 to 5.97) |
| Central/Eastern European | 0.97 | 2.64 | 0.196 | (0.60 to 11.48) |
| Other | 0.38 | 1.47 | 0.437 | (0.56 to 3.85) |
| Born in UK | ||||
| No | −0.32 | 0.73 | 0.291 | (0.40 to 1.32) |
| Education (relative to degree level) | ||||
| A-levels | 0.33 | 1.39 | 0.318 | (0.73 to 2.68) |
| GCSEs | 0.12 | 1.12 | 0.625 | (0.70 to 1.80) |
| None | 0.04 | 1.04 | 0.926 | (0.46 to 2.37) |
| Financial security (relative to comfortable) | ||||
| Alright | 0.14 | 1.15 | 0.538 | (0.73 to 1.81) |
| Just getting by | 0.10 | 1.11 | 0.748 | (0.59 to 2.09) |
| Quite difficult | 0.27 | 1.31 | 0.587 | (0.49 to 3.47) |
| Very difficult | −0.63 | 0.53 | 0.566 | (0.06 to 4.55) |
| Parental employment | ||||
| Neither parent employed | −0.27 | 0.76 | 0.522 | (0.34 to 1.74) |
| Size of household (no of individuals)* | −0.16 | 0.85 | 0.005 | (0.77 to 0.95) |
| Maternal age at screening | 0.02 | 1.02 | 0.221 | (0.99 to 1.07) |
| Maternal language factors | ||||
| First language (relative to English) | ||||
| Bilingual including English | 0.10 | 1.10 | 0.754 | (0.60 to 2.02) |
| No English | 0.29 | 1.34 | 0.448 | (0.63 to 2.83) |
| Languages at home (relative to English) | ||||
| Bilingual including English | 0.19 | 1.21 | 0.489 | (0.70 to 2.11) |
| No English | 0.47 | 1.60 | 0.159 | (0.83 to 3.06) |
| Perinatal factors | ||||
| Birth weight (kg) | −0.14 | 0.87 | 0.577 | (0.54 to 1.41) |
| Gestation at birth (weeks) | 0.02 | 1.02 | 0.733 | (0.90 to 1.17) |
| Distal child factors | ||||
| Child sex | ||||
| Male* | 0.73 | 2.07 | 0.000 | (1.38 to 3.09) |
| Child age (months)* | −0.20 | 0.82 | 0.014 | (0.70 to 0.96) |
| Proximal child factors | ||||
| Receptive vocabulary (raw score)* | 2.13 | 8.40 | 0.000 | (4.99 to 14.11) |
| Parent-reported hearing concerns | ||||
| Yes* | 2.06 | 7.85 | 0.005 | (1.90 to 32.47) |
*Indicates p<0.05.