Neonatal outcomes and interventions among study groups
| Outcome | No-PPROM (n=3400) | Late-PPROM (n=829) | Early-PPROM (n=225) | ||
| n (%) | n (%) | OR (95% CI)† | n (%) | OR (95% CI)† | |
| Surfactant therapy | 2159 (63.5) | 393 (47.4) | 0.51 (0.44 to 0.60) | 208 (92.4) | 7.03 (4.26 to 11.59) |
| Air leak | 99 (2.9) | 18 (2.2) | 0.74 (0.44 to 0.60) | 14 (10) | 2.21 (1.24 to 3.93) |
| Pulmonary hypertension | 128 (3.8) | 27 (3.3) | 0.86 (0.56 to 1.31) | 49 (21.8) | 7.11 (4.95 to 10.23) |
| Nitric oxide therapy | 106 (3.1) | 22 (2.7) | 0.84 (0.53 to 1.34) | 47 (20.9) | 8.20 (5.63 to 11.94) |
| HFOV | 346 (10.2) | 40 (4.8) | 0.44 (0.31 to 0.62) | 94 (41.8) | 6.33 (4.75 to 8.44) |
| Conventional ventilation support‡ hours | 7.3 (0–49.27) | 0 (0–13.3) | – | 22.7 (0.9–168) | – |
| CPAP support‡ hours | 145.95 (26.9–603.95) | 69.9 (14.45–358.9) | – | 604.8 (19.4–1076.45) | – |
| Pulmonary hypoplasia | 3 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | 1.36 (0.14 to 13.16) | 11 (4.9) | 58 (16.12 to 210.2) |
| Early-onset sepsis | 64 (1.9) | 21 (2.5) | 1.35 (0.82 to 2.23) | 10 (4.4) | 2.42 (1.22 to 4.78) |
| Late-onset sepsis | 627 (18.4) | 119 (14.4) | 0.74 (0.59 to 0.91) | 72 (32) | 2.08 (1.55 to 2.79) |
| Home oxygen | 173 (5.4) | 23 (3.1) | 0.53 (0.34 to 0.82) | 41 (18.2) | 4.15 (2.86 to 6.02) |
| ROP stage 2 or more§ | 146/2584 (4.4) | 18/22 (2.2) | 0.49 (0.30 to 0.81) | 28/162 (12.4) | 3.49 (2.24 to 5.42) |
| IVH grade III/IV§ | 165/3254 (4.9) | 20/784 (2.4) | 0.49 (0.30 to 0.78) | 23/201 (10.3) | 2.41 (1.52 to 3.83) |
| NEC | 113 (3.3) | 13 (1.6) | 0.46 (0.25 to 0.82) | 6 (2.7) | |
| PDA needing surgery | 109 (3.2) | 13 (1.6) | 0.48 (0.26 to 0.85) | 16 (7.1) | 2.31 (1.34 to 3.97) |
| Postnatal steroid | 225 (6.6) | 20 (2.4) | 0.34 (0.21 to 0.55) | 45 (20) | 3.52 (2.47 to 5.02) |
| Days in hospital‡ | 40.5 (20.5–67.7) | 35.7 (17–56) | – | 65.4 (16.–99.6) | – |
| CLD | 601 (17.7) | 94 (11.3) | 0.59 (0.47 to 0.75) | 88 (39) | 2.99 (2.25 to 3.96) |
| CLD among survivors | |||||
| 23–27 weeks | 373/770 (48.4) | 62/170 (36.5) | 0.61 (0.43 to 0.86) | 69/110 (62.7) | 1.79 (1.18 to 2.71) |
| 28–31 weeks | 215/2364 (9.1) | 32/636 (5) | 0.52 (0.36 to 0.77) | 18/58 (31) | 4.49 (2.53 to 7.98) |
| All GA weeks | 588/3134 (18.8) | 94/806 (11.7) | 0.57 (0.45 to 0.72) | 87/168 (51.8) | 4.65 (3.39 to 6.37) |
| Mortality | |||||
| 23–27 weeks | 204/974 (21) | 17/187 (9) | 0.37 (0.22 to 0.63) | 49/159 (31) | 1.68 (1.16 to 2.43) |
| 28–31 weeks | 62/2426 (3) | 6/642 (1) | 0.35 (0.15 to 0.83) | 8/66 (12) | 5.25 (2.40 to 11.48) |
| All GA weeks | 266/3400 (7.8) | 23/829 (2.8) | 0.33 (0.21 to 0.51) | 57/225 (25.3) | 3.99 (2.88 to 5.53) |
| CLD/mortality | |||||
| 23–27 weeks | 580/974 (59.5) | 80/187 (42.8) | 0.50 (0.37 to 0.69) | 118/159 (74.2) | 1.95 (1.34 to 2.85) |
| 28–31 weeks | 280/2426 (11.5) | 40/642 (6.2) | 0.50 (0.36 to 0.71) | 26/66 (39.4) | 4.98 (2.99 to 8.28) |
| All GA weeks | 860/3400 (25.3) | 120/829 (14.5) | 0.49 (0.40 to 0.61) | 144/225 (64) | 5.25 (3.95 to 6.96) |
Data presented as numbers (%), OR (95% CI) unless indicated otherwise.
†In comparison to No-PPROM group.
‡Median (IQR).
§Denominator—number of examined babies.
CLD, chronic lung disease; CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure; GA, gestational age; HFOV, high-frequency oscillatory ventilation; IVH, intraventricular haemorrhage; NEC, necrotising enterocolitis; PDA, patent ductus arteriosus; PPROM, prelabour preterm rupture of membranes; ROP, retinopathy of prematurity.