Eligibility criteria for the systematic review
| Study 1 | Study 2 | |
| Population | Diagnosed with CKD, including predialysis, peritoneal dialysis, haemodialysis and kidney transplant recipients younger than 19 years old. | |
| Intervention | Not applicable | Exercise training, including aerobic exercise, resistance training, combined exercise, Tai Chi and Qigong (eg, Baduanjin and yoga), will also be included. |
| Comparator | Healthy controls | Usual care, no exercise intervention or stretch. |
| Outcomes | Muscle strength (isometric, dynamic or isometric muscle strength as assessed by repetitive maximal assessment tests on free weight machines, hand-held or isometric dynamometers or ground reaction force plates), (b) aerobic capacity expressed as VO2max or peak VO2 and assessed by maximal exercise tests or total distance estimates from submaximal exercise tests or walk test results, and (c) assessment results obtained by short physical performance battery, timed up and go test. | |
| Study design | Case–control designs, cohort studies, cross-sectional studies. | Randomised controlled trials, quasi-experimental studies with controls and single-arm precontrolled and postcontrolled trials. |
CKD, chronic kidney disease.